Index

Index

1Note: Page numbers in boldface indicate illustrations.

2 1946 Summer Art Institute, 54, 170n2 168nn128--31, 169n138, 169n140, 169nn142--45, 1948 summer session, 6, 54--56, 71, 105, 107, 115, 125, 169n147, 170nn148--49, 170n2, 170n4, 171n7,

3 133, 135, 172n20 171n10, 172n20, 174n63, 174n73, 174n75, 177n135,

4 1949 summer institute, 105, 123, 133 178n2, 182n63, 183n71, 183n73, 184n101, 187n2, 3 Standard Stoppages, 1913--14 (Marcel Duchamp), 187n4, 187nn6--7, plates 1--9

5 93, 176n126, plate 13 Albers-Cage break, 11, 54, 56, 60, 78, 95--96, 101,

64’33’’, 1952 (John Cage), 87, 87, 88, 97, 175n94 103, 171n7, 17zz2n20

7 4-D House, 1927 (Buckminster Fuller), 106, 113, aleatory, 9, 56, 68, 78, 84, 93, 99, 134, 149, 161n36.

8 179n13 See also chance

9 Alpers, Svetlana, 39, 166n81, 189n20

10 abstract art, 5, 17, 28, 29, 32, 50, 165n71, 165n73, Althusser, Louis, 14, 99--100, 161n36, 178n153,

11 166n88. See also geometric abstraction; abstract 178n154

12 expressionism American Abstract Artists (AAA), 28

13 abstract expressionism, 10, 54, 56, 149, 161n34, American Association of University Professors

14 170n4, 170n6, 177n136, 187n3 (AAUP), 2

15 Adamic, Louis, 158n5 Amino, Leo, 170n2

16 Adorno, Theodor, 12, 44--45, 116, 117, 167n114 anarchy, 13, 60, 78, 98, 134, 155, 164n53, 170n4, aircraft engineering, aeronautics, 106, 131, 141 174n72, 185n158, 188n19

17 Albers, Anni, vii, 3, 5, 15, 16, 158n4, 159n13, 161n2, Anderson, Laurie, 170n11

18 162n12, 162n14, 169n147, 170n2 anechoic chamber, 88

19 Albers, Josef, vii--ix, 1, 3, 5--13, 15, 16, 17--58, 17, 23, 31, Ant Farm, 150, 154

2032, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 60--61, 68, 75--76, 78, anti-entropic, 105, 124, 154, 179n10, 188n16

21 95--96, 100--101, 103, 105, 117, 123, 125--27, 130--31, anti-German sentiment, 53, 171n17, 172n20. See also

22 134--35, 149--53, 155, 157n3, 159n9, 159nn14--17, German émigrés

23 161nn1--2, 162nn4--8, 162nn12--17, 163nn17--34, anti-Semitism, 159n13

24 164nn35--37, 164nn44--53, 165nn54--57 apocalypse, 145

25 165nn60--75, 166nn76--84, 166n87, 166nn89--90, Appalachia, viii, 1, 15

26 167nn91--113, 168nn119--21, 168nn124--26, Archer, Hazel Larsen, 54, 59, 114, 147

27Architectural Forum, 179n17 British empiricism, 25

28 Arntz, Gerd, 41 Brook Farm, 3, 158n3

29 Artaud, Antonin, 7, 12, 58--60, 80, 89--92, 96--97, 152, Brown, Carolyn, 153, 188n13, 188n19

30 175n82, 176n110, 175nn111--12, 175nn114--22 buckminsterfullerene, 183n94

31 Artists’ Club, 171n6 buoyancy, 112

32 Asawa, Ruth, 54, 63, 123, 170n2

33 Asheville, North Carolina, ix, 2 Cage, John, vii--viii, 1, 3, 5--13, 50, 52--65, 55, 62,

34Asheville Citizen, 15, 16 67--69, 71, 75--101, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,

35 atomic energy, 185n133, 186n159 103, 123, 125--26, 133, 134, 135, 149--55, 159n10,

36Autonomous Dwelling Machine, 1947 (Buckminster 159n20, 160nn21--22, 170n151, 170n1, 171nn7--8,

37 Fuller), 137, 138, plate 17 171nn12--17, 172nn18--20, 172nn24--30, 174n63,

38 174n67, 174nn69--75, 174n77, 175nn78--81,

39 Bailey, William, 187n7 175nn83--84, 175nn86--100, 176nn101--3, 176n108,

40 Banham, Reyner, 104, 141, 185n135 176n113, 176n123, 176nn125--26, 177nn132--40,

41 Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 163n25 178nn141--49, 178n152, 179n5, 182n61, 183n95,

42 Basic Design Course (Albers), 5, 17--18, 22, 29, 184nn97--100, 188nn10--14, 188n19

43 163n22, 163n33, 164n46, 165n63 Cage, Xenia, 176n101

44 Basic Drawing Course (Albers), 5, 17--18, 21, 21, Campari, 83

45 163n22, 163n33 capitalism, 46, 99, 111, 130, 135, 140, 143--44

46 Bauhaus, ix, 4--6, 8, 11--13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 30, 40, Carnap, Rudolph, 40, 166n86

47 46, 50, 53--58, 60--61, 65--68, 70--76, 81, 91--92, Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 23

48 100--101, 104, 107, 121, 126--27, 130, 150, 153--55, cartography, 106, 113, 181n45. See also Dymaxion

49 157n3, 159n13, 161n34, 162n3, 163n21, 163n24, Map

50 165n61, 165n64, 166nn85--87, 167n113, 168n122, Center for Experimental Music (John Cage), 61,

51 168n124, 170n2, 171n9, 171n11, 172n31, 173nn32-- 172n18

52 52, 174nn53--58, 176n101, 176n120, 182n70, Cernovich, Nicholas, 81, 82, 175n86

53 183n73, 188n8 chance, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11--14, 20, 43--44, 53--60, 64, 77--80,

54 Bauhaus theater, 6, 8, 57--58, 61, 65--68, 66, 67, 83--84, 86--87, 92--101, 103, 105, 148, 152--53, 155,

55 70--76, 71, 75, 76, 91--92, 100, 171n9, 171n11, 172n31, 159n20, 174n72, 175n77, 177nn127--28, 177nn130--

56 173nn32--52, 174nn53--58, 176n120 31, 182n58, 188n13, 188n19; ‘‘canned chance’’

57 Bauman, Zygmunt, 158n6 (Marcel Duchamp), 93--94, 99

58 Bayer, Herbert, 166n87, 182n70, plate 16 chance protocol, 7, 13, 57--58, 60, 77, 84, 86, 94--95,

59 Beaux-Arts, 19, 131 97--101, 103, 152--53, 159

60 Beckmann, Hannes, 165n61, 165n64 Charlot, Jean, 50, 161n34

61 Beech Aircraft, 106, 108 Chicago World’s Fair (1933), 108

62 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 61, 96, 172n20 circus, 71, 74, 76, 76, 79, 173n41

63 Bell, Alexander Graham, 184n107 Cocteau, Jean, 58, 59

64 Benjamin, Walter, 46--47, 168n127 Cold War, 135, 147, 170n4

65Bentley, Eric, 58, 158n5, 171n10 Color Chart: Reinventing Color from 1950 to Today

66 Bergson, Henri, 25, 164n41, 171n12 (MoMA), 151, 187n6

67 Berlin, Isaiah, 49 Color Course (Josef Albers), 5, 17, 17, 21, 24, 163n22,

68 Berlin, 15, 173n36, 173n49 163n33, 164n46

69 bias, 13, 93--94. See also control Columbia University, 88

70 Bill, Max, 188n8 communism, 135, 139, 184n106

71Black Paintings, 1951 (Robert Rauschenberg), 96 comprehensive design, 5, 8--9, 101, 103--5, 110--11,

72 Bois, Yve-Alain, 32, 165n70 115, 121, 124--25, 133--35, 139, 140--42, 144--45,

73 Bolotowsky, Ilya, 28--29, 50, 165nn58--59 149, 153, 160n26, 178n3, 179n7, 180n21, 181n34,

74Bonnie and Clyde, 1967 (Arthur Penn), 61 183n72, 185n134, 185n139, 186n142, 186n146,

75 Book of Changes. See I Ching 186n153

76 Boulez, Pierre, 89--90 constructivism, 24

77 Bourdieu, Pierre, 48, 169n135, 169n137 consumerism, 105, 110, 140, 143

78 Brand, Stewart, 139 control, in experiments, 4, 6--7, 13, 35, 38, 43--45, 53,

79 Brecht, Bertolt, 58, 171n10 56, 58, 61, 78, 91--94, 97, 98--99, 105, 110, 153. See

80 Brecht, George, 152, 188n10 also bias

81 Breitenbach, Josef, 17 Cooper Union, 151, 188n7

82 Breuer, Marcel, 173n37 Coplans, John, 150, 187n5

83 Cornish School, Seattle, 176n101 Dymaxion License, 180n21

84 counterculture, 3, 115, 139 Dymaxion Map, 117--18, 181n50, plates 14, plate 16.

85 Crary, Jonathan, 25, 164n39 See also World Energy Map

86 Creeley, Robert, 10

87 Cunningham, Merce, vii, viii, 3, 6, 54, 61, 62, 63, 79, Eames, Charles and Ray, 130

88 81, 82, 125, 135, 172n18, 175n85, 188n13 Eckhart, Meister, 79, 176n102, 177n140

89 Cunningham Dance Company, 153, 175n86 economy, of labor and resources, 5, 23, 29, 44, Cunningham Dance Foundation, viii 120--21, 127

90 cybernetics, 103, 179n7 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 158n3, 181n42

91 energetic geometry, 8, 113, 114, 115, 182n56

92 Dada, 7, 12, 51, 58, 60, 76--78, 92, 94, 150, 170n4, En habit de cheval, 1911 (Erik Satie), 63

93 176n101, 177n128 enlightenment, spiritual, 88--89

94Danse Macabre: A Sociological Study, 1938 (Xanti Epic Theater (Bertolt Brecht), 58

95 Schawinsky), 57, 72, 73 equiposed sculptures (Lászlo Moholy-Nagy), 128

96 Darwin, Charles, 124 ethics, 6, 13, 18--19, 43, 45, 49, 52--53, 134

97 Dean, James (Ray Johnson), 150, plate 20 Experimental Composition course (John Cage), 96, ‘‘debunk,’’ 112 98, 152. See also New School for Social Research

98 Debussy, Claude, 96 Experiments in Art and Technology (EAT), 150, 154,

99 de Certeau, Michel, 160n24 188n17

100 Decouflé, Philippe, 171n11 expressionism, 5, 9--10, 13, 24, 42, 44, 50, 54, 56,

101 Degenerate Art exhibition (1937), 173n36 65, 78, 91, 100, 111, 149, 159n7, 161n34, 163n34, de Kooning, Elaine, 6, 50, 54, 61, 62, 63, 117, 118, 119, 170n150, 174n73, 177n136, 187n1. See also abstract

102 126, 170n3, 174n68, 181n48, 182n68 expressionism

103 de Kooning, Willem, 3, 6, 10, 50, 54, 56, 63, 161n34,

104 170n4, 171n6, 172n21 Factum I and Factum II, 1957 (Rauschenberg), 150,

105 democracy, 135, 139, 142, 159n18, 184n106, 185n121 plates 18--19

106 Deren, Maya, 170n2 Feininger, Lux, 173n38

107 design, 4, 5, 8--9, 11--14, 17--22, 24, 27, 29, 35, 39, Fenced, 1944 (Josef Albers), 30, 31, 49

108 41--45, 47, 53, 68, 78, 86, 94, 99, 101--6, 108--13, Fils des Etoiles, 1891 (Erik Satie), 63

109 120--21, 125--35, 138--50, 152--55, 161n30, 164n34, ‘‘finishing school’’ (1948), 125--26

110 168n122, 183n70, 186n146, 188n8 (see also Fiore, Joseph, 54, 170n2

111 comprehensive design; Basic Design Course); Fluxus, 59, 150, 152, 159n20, 178n151, 188n10

112 costume design, 65, 70, 75; stage design, 70--71, Fontana Mix, 1958 (John Cage) 85, 175n90

113 75, 173n36 Fortune magazine, 108, 179n17, 180n18, plate 15

114Design magazine, 54, 170n2 Foster, Hal, vii, 157n3, 162n3

115 ‘‘design revolution’’ (Buckminster Fuller), 9, 111, 133, Foundation Course. See Preliminary Course

116 135, 140, 143, 148, 186n146 Frey, Albert, 184n108

117 Dessau, Germany, 40, 58, 65, 173n32 Fuller, Margaret, 158n3, 181n42

118 Deutscher Werkbund, 168n122 Fuller, R. Buckminster, vii, ix, 1, 3, 5--6, 8--13, 50, 54, Dewey, John, 3, 6, 11, 18, 46--49, 53, 159n18, 161n34, 61--63, 62, 101--55, 102, 107, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120,

119 163n17, 164n53, 165n57, 168n122, 168n123, 121, 122, 123, 124, 136, 137, 146, 147, 159nn11--12,

120 169n133, 169n139 160nn24--30, 174n68, 177nn138--40, 178n1,

121 domes. See geodesic domes 178nn3--4, 179nn5--8, 179nn10--17, 180nn18--29,

122 Dreier, Hans, 178n38 181nn30--50, 182nn51--67, 183n72, 183n84, 183n87,

123 Dreier, Ted (Theodore), 135, 157n2, 159n18, 162n14 183nn89--94, 184n96, 184n100, 184nn102--7, Drop City, 150, 153, 154, 184n116 184nn109--16, 185nn119--40, 186nn141--49,

124 Duberman, Martin, viii, 158n3, 159n19, 172n18 186nn151--54, 186n156, 186nn159--61, 188nn15--16, Duchamp, Marcel, 7, 58, 59, 92--94, 96, 99, 162n10, plates 14--17

125 171n13, 176n124, 177n126, 177n128, 177n129, Fuller House. See Wichita House

126 177n120, plate 13

127 duration, in music, 7, 57, 61, 65, 76, 79, 82, 84--85 Galison, Peter, 21, 40, 163n21, 166n81 dymaxion, 106, 110, 113, 132, 141, 180n21, 185n135 geodesic domes, 4, 8, 103, 105--6, 112, 116--25, 117, Dymaxion Air-Ocean World Map. See Dymaxion 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128--30, 132--33,

128 Map 135--39, 141, 146--48, 147, 153--54, 178n1, 180n21,

129 Dymaxion Car, 106, 107, 108, 115 181n45, 182n57, 184n116, 185n117, 186n160, plate Dymaxion Deployment Unit, 186n146 17. See also Supine Dome

130 geodesics, 8, 105, 106, 113, 179n5, plate 17 Interaction of Color (Josef Albers), 26, 165n74,

131 geometric abstraction, 4, 12, 18, 28, 41. See also 66nn77--78, 170n148, 177n135, 187n7, plate 1

132 abstract art Isotype, 40--41, 41

133 Geoscope, 129--30, 179n6, 184n106 Itten, Johannes, 24, 51, 164n34

134 German émigrés, 3, 5--6, 15, 61, 68, 96, 126. See also I’ve Got a Secret, 1960, 84, 175n87

135 anti-German sentiment

136 German philosophy and pedagogy, 11, 39--40, 46, 78, Jarry, Alfred, 63, 96, 164n48, 168n122, 171n7, 174n75 Jennerhahn, Betty and Peter, 54, 79, 174n76

137Gesamtkunstwerk, 163n34 Johnson, Ray, 3, 150, 152, 159n19, 170n2, 187n3,

138Gestalt, 39, 40, 43, 164n48, 166n82, 167n102 plate 20

139Gesture Dance, 1926 (Oskar Schlemmer), 66--67 Jorn, Asger, 188n8

140 GI Bill, 12, 53 Joseph, Branden, vii, 97, 138, 171n12, 184n100, 188n9

141 Glarner, Fritz, 28 Joyce, James, 177n140

142 gnostic, 176n102 Judd, Donald, 40, 150, 166n84, 170n4, 187n4, plate 8

143 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 25 Judson Dance Theater, 59, 98, 150, 152

144 Goldberg, Bertrand, 107 J. Walter Thompson Company, 141, 183n109

145 Gottlieb, Adolph, 169n145

146Graphic Tectonics, 1942--48 (Josef Albers), 30 Kahn, Lloyd, 185n117

147 gravity, 150 Kalischer, Clemens, vii, 55, 62, 120

148 Gray, Francine du Plessix, 175n84 Kaprow, Allan, 59, 152, 178n150, 187n3

149 Greenberg, Clement, 3, 41, 51, 56, 166n88, 169n145, Kepes, Gyorgy, 9, 12, 104, 130, 160n29, 166n83,

150 170n5 183n86

151 Gropius, Walter, 20, 50, 70, 71, 71, 152, 163n19, Kline, Franz, 3, 10, 54, 161n34

152 163n34, 168n122, 170n2, 173n37, 173n48. 173n50, Klüver, Billy, 154

153 182n70 Kocher, Lawrence, 184n108

154Guinea Pig B, 160n27, 184n96 Kotz, Liz, 77, 174n67, 188n10

155 Kuhn, Thomas, 144

156 Hansen, Al, 152

157 Happenings, 7, 57, 59, 77, 98, 152, 159n20, 178n150, laboratory, 6, 8, 18, 24, 29, 70, 75, 76, 131, 140, 150,

158 178n151 154, 166n81, 189n20

159 harmony, 29, 37, 43, 139 Land Art, 150

160 harmony, musical, 172n17, 174n72 Lanier, Albert, 178n1

161 Harris, Mary Emma, viii, 158n3 Lawrence, Gwendolyn, 50, 161n34

162 Harrison, Lou, 175n84 Lawrence, Jacob, 50, 161n34, 170n2

163 Harvard University, ix, 88, 107, 112, 162n7, 162n14, Le Corbusier, 130

164 188n17 Lehrstuck, 58

165 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 25 Levi, Bill T., 162n14

166 Hesse, Eva, 150, 157n3, 187n2 Libre commune, 153, 184n116

167 Higgins, Dick, 152 Lippold, Richard, 54

168 Hindu, 176n102 Litz, Katherine, 79, 175n84

169Homage to the Square, 1950--76 (Josef Albers), 30, Locke, John, 25, 164n38

170 164n35, 166n80, plate 8 logical positivism, 12, 40

171 Horkheimer, Max, 145, 186n155 Luce, Henry, 111, 181n38, 185n138

172 Lytle, Richard, 187n7

173I Ching, 79, 83, 85--87, 174n72, 175n77, 176n102

174 illusion, 6, 25, 27, 39--40, 52, 57, 65, 69--70, 72, 74, Mac Low, Jackson, 152

175 78, 91, 152--53, 166n88 Malevich, Kasimir, 41

176 improvisation, 4, 24, 43, 45, 69, 78--79, 131, 149, Mallarmé, Stéphane, 90

177 161n33 Manhattan, dome over (Fuller and Sadao), 146, 146,

178 Independent Group (London), 126, 150 186n160

179 indeterminacy, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 52, 57, 59, 77--78, 81, 85, Marriage on the Eiffel Tower, 1921 (Jean Cocteau), 92, 94--99, 103, 125, 151, 153, 155, 172n17, 177n131 58, 59

180 Institute of Design (Chicago), 9, 13, 123, 145, 172n19, Marshall Field’s, 106 178n3, 179n4, 180n21, 181n31, 184n102, 186n147, Martin, Reinhold, 130, 143, 166n83, 183n85, 186n144

181 186n159 Marx, Karl, 142

182 intentional communities, 3, 153, 158n3 Marx Brothers, 76

183 Marxism, 50 P3 (Takashi Serizawa, Rumiko Kanesaka, Michiko

184 masquerade, 66 Takagishi), 183n95, 184n99

185 mass production, 4, 106, 108, 109, 110, 128, 138, 141 pantomime, 66, 76

186 matière, 22, 22 Pasteur, Louis, 43

187 McCarthyism, 134 patents, 107, 108, 116, 180n21

188 McHale, John, 126 pedagogy, 1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 17--18, 21, 29, 45--50, 53,

189 McLuhan, Marshall, 155, 166n83, 177n140 56, 96, 101, 115, 125, 131--33, 149--51, 168n120, Meyer, Hannes, 50, 173n36, 180n70 168n122, 170n4, 187n2

190 Middle Ages, 72 peep shows, 75

191 military, 105--6, 109, 115, 135, 138--39, 145 Penn, Arthur, 54, 61, 174n68

192 military, US, 68, 109, 112, 186n146 Pentagon, 124, 182n57

193 minimalism, 150 Pepper, Ian, 94, 177n132

194Miracle Worker, The, 1962(Arthur Penn), 61 pi, 131

195 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 103, Picon, Antoine, 138, 184n111

196 130 Po, Huang, 58, 88--90, 176nn104--7

197 Moholy-Nagy, László, 9, 12, 66, 70, 104, 127--31, 129, Pocket Theater, 172n29

198 142, 152, 164n34, 172n18 Pollock, Jackson, 10, 169n145, 187n3

199 Mondrian, Piet, 28, 41 polyhedrons, 113, 181n45

200 monochromatic painting, 4, 80, 96, 152 Popper, Karl, 144

201Morceaux en forme de poire, 1903 (Erik Satie), 63 positivism, 12, 25, 110, 144--45, 163n21 Motherwell, Robert, 3, 10, 50, 54, 161n34 post-scarcity, 104, 145, 186n158

202Moticos, 1954/55--1994 (Ray Johnson), 150, 187n2 Pratt Institute, viii, 162n14

203 Mouffe, Chantal, 49, 169n141 pre-Columbian art, 23--24, 23

204 Museum of Modern Art, 151, 164n51, 167n91, 170n2 prefabrication, 112, 136--37, 184n108 Music of Changes, 1951 (John Cage), 79 Preliminary Course, 17, 19, 22, 24, 127, 164n34 Mussolini, Benito, 68 Private Life of the Master Race, The, 1938 (Bertolt Brecht), 58

205 Nakagawa, Masato, 102, 121, 122, 124 progressive education, 3, 5, 13, 18, 20, 46--47, 158n3, Napoleon (in The Ruse of Medusa), 63 165n53 165n57, 166n89, 168n122, 168n130 nature: in abstract art, 28--29; for John Cage, 53,

206 59--60, 95--99, 182n61; for Buckminster Fuller, 5, quietism, 89, 100

207 8, 110, 113, 130--33, 148, 182n61, 183n93; in theater,

208 68, 74, 91 racial integration, 3, 158n3

209 Navy, US, 112. See also military, US Radical Software, 150

210 Nazi Germany, 3, 5, 15, 68, 173n36 Rainer, Yvonne, 98, 100, 154, 178n147

211 Neo-Dada, 150 Rauschenberg, Robert, 3, 12, 51, 52, 59, 60, 79--80, 82,

212 Neoplatonism, 28 96--97, 150, 152, 154, 157n3, 169n146, 171n14, 175n86,

213 neoplasticism, 28, 50 178n141, 178n142, 178n143, 188n9, plates 18--19

214 Nesbit, Molly, 19, 162n10 Red Rockers commune, 153, 184n116

215 Neurath, Otto, 40--41, 41 Rice, John Andrew, 2, 157n2, 158n3, 162n14

216 New Bauhaus, 9, 12, 172n18. See also Institute of Richards, M. C., 58, 61, 79--81, 89--90, 162n14, 175n80

217 Design Rockburne, Dorothea, 3

218 Newhall, Beaumont, 54, 117, 118, 119, 170n2, 180n19 Rocket, Will, 176n111

219 New Order (band), 170n11 Rodenbeck, Judith, 98, 178n150

220 New School for Social Research, 85, 96, 98, 152 Rollins College, 2, 157n2

221 New York, New York, 28, 43, 55, 56, 161n34 romanticism, 155, 164n34

222 New York school, 56 Ross, Nancy Wilson, 176n101

223 Noland, Kenneth, 3, 12, 54, 150, 157n3 Roy, Lindy, 104, 179n9

224 nuclear attack, 145, 146, 186n160 Ruse of Medusa, The, 1913 (Erik Satie), 7, 57, 61, 62,

22564, 65, 76--77, 120, 123, 172n22, 174n68

226 octet truss, 136, 136, 184n107 Russian formalism, 25, 32, 164n41

227 Olson, Charles, 9, 10, 50, 79, 81, 161n31, 161n32,

228 161n33 Sadao, Shoji, viii, 146, 183n95, 186n160

229 op art, 31, 188n7 Sarabandes, 1887 (Erik Satie), 63

230 Ozenfant, Amédée, 161n34 Satie, Erik, 7, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63--65, 64, 76--78, 96, 120, 123, 172nn20--30, 174nn64--65

231 Saturday Evening Post, 108, 181n40, 197n17 Theater Piece No. 1 (Untitled Event), 1952 (John

232 Schapiro, Meyer, 104, 143, 186n148, 186n149 Cage), 7, 57, 59, 77, 79--83, 80, 81, 83, 85--87, 89,

233 Schawinsky, Xanti, 8, 57--58, 63, 68--76, 69, 73, 76, 91, 97--98, 159n20, 175n86

234 91, 173nn36--40, 147nn56--61, plates 10--12 Thoreau, Henry David, 177n140, 181n42

235 Schlemmer, Oskar, 8, 57, 66--68, 66, 67, 72, 74--75, Time magazine, 108

23675, 91--92, 152, 171n9, 171n11, 172nn31--32, Total Theater, 1926 (Walter Gropius), 70--72, 71,

237 173nn33--38, 173n41, 173nn47--48, 173n50, 173n45, 173n47, 173n49

238 174nn53--55, 174n62, 176n120 ‘‘total thinking’’ (Buckminster Fuller), 5, 8--9, 103,

239 Schoenberg, Arnold, 6, 61, 96, 171n17 105, 110, 125, 133, 135, 141--42, 145, 154, 178n4,

240 Schreyer, Lothar, 65 179n7, 180n23

241 Schwitters, Kurt, 69 transcendentalists, 158n3, 181n42

242Science Illustrated, 108, 180n19, 180n20 Triadic Ballet, 1922 (Oskar Schlemmer), 66, 171n11

243Second Piano Sonata, 1948 (Pierre Boulez), 89 Tudor, David, 79, 81, 85, 87, 87, 89--90, 154, 175n83,

244 Seidler, Harry, 164n46, 165n63, 167n112 176n109

245 seriality: in art, 4, 30, 37, 54, 75, 78, 96, 101, 150, Twombly, Cy, 3, 152

246 187n5; in music, 4, 61, 78 typography, 40, 166n87, plate 9. See also Isotype

247 Serra, Richard, 150

248 Shahn, Ben, 3, 161n34 Ubu Roi, 1896 (Alfred Jarry), 63

249 Shklovsky, Viktor, 25--26, 134, 164n41, 164n42, Ulm, Hochschule für Gestaltung, 163n33, 188n8

250 171n10, 184n101 unconscious, 10, 44, 91

251 silence, 65, 88, 90, 97, 152 University of Pennsylvania, 151

252 Singerman, Howard, ix, 20, 162n11, 170n6 Untitled Event. See Theater Piece No. 1

253 Skurvida, Sandra, 77, 174n66 Ursonate, 1922--32 (Kurt Schwitters), 69

254 Slutzky, Robert, 188n7

255 Smithson, Robert, 154, 188n16 van de Velde, Henry, 168n122

256 Snelson, Kenneth, vii, 3, 8, 12, 54, 115--16, 116, 123, van der Rohe, Mies, 121, 182n70

257123, 126, 181n47, 182n56, 182n69 Varda, Jean, 161n34, 170n2

258 social reproduction, 19, 46--48, 161n36, 169n135 Varèse, Edgard, 96

259 ‘‘Spaceship Earth,’’ 8, 104, 113, 128, 153, 160n27 Variant series, 1947--53 (Josef Albers), 30, 33--38, 33,

260 spectacle, 92 37, 38, 40, 166n80, plates 2--7

261 Spectodrama: Play, Life, Illusion, 1936 (Xanti Schaw- Verfremdungseffekt (Bertolt Brecht), 58, 171n10

262 insky) 57, 69, 69, 74, 173nn38--40, plates 10--12 Vexations, 1893 (Erik Satie), 65, 172n29

263 Stanczak, Julian, 188n7 Vienna Circle, 12, 40

264Standard of Living Package, 1947 (Buckminster void, 12, 58, 60, 87--91, 97, 134, 152, 161n36

265 Fuller), 137, 137, 139 Vorkurs, 17. See also Preliminary Course

266 Stella, Frank, 187n6

267 stochastic variation, 93, 177n131 Water Music, 1952 (John Cage), 81, 85--86, 86,

268 Stoller, Claude, 2 175n83, 175n91

269Structural Constellations, 1949--58 (Josef Albers), Water Walk, 1959 (John Cage), 83--87, 84, 85, 30, 166n80 175n89

270 suburbanization, 106, 138, 146 Weimar, Germany, 58, 155, 163n34, 168n122, 173n32

271 summer sessions and institutes, 6, 54 (see also 1946 Weinrib, David, 175n83

272 Summer Art Institute, 1948 summer session, and Welliver, Neil, 187n7

273 1949 summer institute) Werklehre, 22

274 Supine Dome, 116--20, 117, 118, 119, 182n51 White Paintings, 1951 (Robert Rauschenberg), 59,

275 surrealism, 7, 43--44, 170n4 60, 80, 97

276 Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro, 88, 176n102 Whitman, Robert, 154

277 Swift, Jonathan, 142 Whole Earth Catalog, 139, 150, 153, 182n60, 185n117

278 synergetic, 113, 115, 124, 127 Wichita House (Fuller House), 106, 108, 113, 179n17, 180n18

279 technocracy, 9, 12--13, 101, 104, 111--12, 139, 141--42, Wiener, Norbert, 179n7

280 145, 148, 153--54 Wigley, Mark, 113, 139, 181n45, 183n83, 185n118

281 tensegrity, 8, 115, 116, 116, 124, 136, 136 Williams, Jonathan, 10, 161n31

282 tetrahedron, 63, 113, 126 Williams, Paul and Vera, 54

283 ‘‘theater of cruelty’’ (Antonin Artaud), 90--91, 176n111 Williams, Raymond, 4, 47, 159n8, 169n134

284Williams Mix, 1952--53 (John Cage), 54, 95

285 Wise, Norton M., 19, 162n9

286 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 40

287 Wolpe, Stefan, 81, 175n84

288 women’s rights, 181n42

289 Woodstock, New York, 175n94

290World Energy Map, 1940/1953 (Buckminster Fuller), 179n16, plates 15--16. See also Dymaxion Map

291 World Game, 181n50

292 World War I, 58, 112

293 World War II, 1, 53, 145, 149, 158n6, 186n146

294X-Piece, 1948--49 (Kenneth Snelson), 115, 116, 116, 123

295 Yale University, viii, ix, 17, 19, 30, 55, 150, 151, 159n15,

296 167n101, 168n131, 181n36, 187n2, 187n7

297 YMCA, 2

298 Zeiss planetarium, Jena, Germany, 128, 129

299 Zen Buddhism, 7, 12, 58, 78, 87--88, 96, 100, 152,

300 176n101, 176n102, 176n104