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Index Entry
The formulas for the number of spheres in the outer layer of closest packed spheres in primary systems is as follows:
(a) tetrahedron: X = 2F^2 + 2
(b) octahedron: X = 4F^2 +2
© cube: X = 6F^2 + 2
(d) vector equilibrium (icosahedron): X = 10F^2 + 2
Where:
X = the number of spheres in the outer layer or shell of the primary system;
F = edge frequency, i.e., the number of outer-layer edge modules.
